Activated glass pozzolan

ABSTRACT

Described herein are processes for the activation of glass pozzolan as well as the activated product. Methods of using the activated product are also described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No.16/756,315, filed Apr. 15, 2020, which is a national phase ofPCT/US2018/056128, filed Oct. 16, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/574,129, filed Oct. 18, 2017, theentire disclosure each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Described herein generally are activated glass pozzolan, methods ofmaking same, and methods of using same.

SUMMARY

Described herein generally are activated glass pozzolans, methods ofmaking these activated glass pozzolans, and methods of using them.

In one embodiment, an activated glass pozzolan can include particles ofactivated glass including etched surfaces, microcrystalline calciumsilicate hydrate (C-S-H), and calcium carbonate. In some embodiments,the glass is soda lime glass, bottle glass, plate glass, or e-glass. Insome embodiments, the glass is soda lime glass, bottle glass, plateglass, e-glass, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glassis at least partially recycled. In some embodiments, the glass is groundglass.

In some embodiments, the particles have a diameter of about 1 μm toabout 100 μm. In some embodiments, 90% of particles fall through a 45 μmscreen or 85% of particles fall through a 45 μm screen. The particlescan have a 2-3 coefficient of uniformity.

Methods of forming an activated glass pozzolan are also described. Insome embodiments, the methods can include reacting particles of glass inan activation solution including Group IA, Group IIA, or Group VIIBmetal or metal hydroxide to form the activated glass pozzolan, whereinthe reacting is at an elevated pH, an elevated temperature, and anelevated pressure.

In some embodiments, the metal can include sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium, or manganese.

In some embodiments, the activated glass pozzolan is ground to aparticle size of between about 1 μm and about 100 μm.

In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is between about 100° C.and about 220° C.

In some embodiments, the elevated pH is greater than 11.

In some embodiments, the methods can further include circulating theparticles of glass and the activation solution. In some embodiments, thecirculating is at a rate of about 10 RPM to about 500 RPM.

In some embodiments, the methods can further include exposing theactivation solution to air.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are processes for the activation of glass pozzolan aswell as the activated product. Methods of using the activated productare also described. The activation of the glass pozzolan can serve toincrease the reactivity of the glass pozzolan material with cement andwater. In some embodiments, the activated product and cement formsilicate and aluminate hydrates when mixed with water.

The production of portland cement, which is the most commonly usedcement in the world, releases approximately 0.88 tons of CO₂ per ton ofcement produced (EPA 2015), and is estimated to be responsible for 5-8%of global anthropogenic carbon emissions annually. In embodimentsdescribed herein, by replacing portions of portland cement in concretewith an activated glass pozzolan, significant greenhouse gas emissionreductions can be achieved.

In addition, in some embodiments, incorporation of an activated glasspozzolan can also significantly improve the durability of concreteproducts, thereby saving time, energy, materials, maintenance, andreplacement costs over the life of the concrete product.

Currently, fly ash and slag are the two most commonly used types ofpozzolans. A pozzolan is a term given to a material that, when combinedwith portland cement and water, becomes cementitious. A majority ofready mixed concrete produced in the United States contains somefraction of fly ash or slag pozzolan. Ground glass as used herein, as acommonly used consumer product, offers wider geographic availabilitythan fly ash, which must be transported from electric power plants, orslag, which is only available where iron or steel is manufactured.

In some embodiments, ground glass as used herein offers a moreconsistent chemical composition than fly ash, which can varysignificantly from source to source. This consistent composition can beimportant in the manufacture of concrete products, as reliability andreproducibility are held paramount within the industry; the predictionof material performance is important to life safety when buildingproducts are concerned.

The glass used to form the activated product can be any form of glass.In some embodiments, the glass is soda lime glass. The glass used caninclude bottle glass, plate glass, e-glass, or any other natural orsynthetically made amorphous silica that is activated by partialdissolution at elevated pH. In some embodiments, the glass is recycledor at least partially recycled.

In one embodiment, the glass used is glass fines from a recyclingfacility that would normally be destined for a landfill. In other words,the glass used can prevent sending waste to a landfill.

The raw glass product can be cleaned, sterilized, ground, and dried asnecessary to begin activation of a glass pozzolan. In some embodiments,the ground glass can be intermediate sized ground glass. The activationincludes partial glass dissolution in an activation solution andsubsequent reactions to provide a pozzolan that, with or without furthergrinding, will achieve a higher early strength than glass that has notundergone this treatment.

Processing of the glass may be performed before or after grinding. Insome embodiments, the same performance is provided whether theprocessing is performed before or after grinding. In some embodiments, asimilar performance is provided whether the processing is performedbefore or after grinding.

The activation solution can include calcium hydroxide and/or sodiumacetate with an additive. The additive can be included to reduce thepotential for alkali-silica reaction (ASR) at the time of grinding. Suchchemicals may be organic or inorganic in nature, including, but notlimited to, lithium salts, lithium hydroxide, or other proprietarymaterials made for the purpose of ASR suppression.

The activation solution can include any Group IA or Group IIA metal ormetal hydroxide. In some embodiments, the metal can include sodium,potassium, calcium, or magnesium. In some embodiments, the metal canalso be a Group VIIB metal such as manganese.

In some embodiments, the glass is reacted in the activation solution atan elevated temperature. The elevated activation temperature can rangefrom about 20° C. to about 225° C., about 40° C. to about 220° C., about20° C. to about 215° C., about 40° C. to about 215° C., about 150° C. toabout 220° C., about 200° C. to about 220° C., about 200° C. to about215° C., about 100° C. to about 200° C., about 150° C. to about 200° C.,or about 100° C. to about 220° C. In one embodiment, the elevatedtemperature is between about 20° C. to about 212° C.

In some embodiment, the activation solution can be at a basic pH. Thebasic pH can be a pH greater than 7, a pH greater than 11, a pH between7 and 14, a pH between 10 and 14, a pH between 7 and 10, a pH between 9and 13, a pH between 8 and 12, or a pH between 10 and 12. In someembodiments, the treatment solution can have a pH greater than 11.

In some embodiments, the activation can include treating the glass atelevated pressure. In some embodiments, the elevated pressure is apressure above 1 atm.

The temperature and the retention time in the pre-reaction vessels mayvary depending on the particle size of the raw feed material to beactivated, the pH of the solution, and the rate of relative movement ofthe solution past the surface that is being treated.

In some embodiments, the activation can at least partially dissolvesilicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the silicon dioxide is soluble inthe solution. In some embodiments, the activation can at least partiallyetch glass surfaces. In some embodiments, the activation can formmicrocrystalline calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium carbonate.In some embodiments, the activation can create nucleation sites duringthe reaction with cement. In some embodiments, the activation can atleast partially dissolve soluble silicon dioxide, can at least partiallyetch glass surfaces, and can form microcrystalline C-S-H and calciumcarbonate.

In some embodiments, the etching of the glass provides an increasedreaction surface area which can allow an enhanced formation ofmicrocrystalline C-S-H and calcium carbonate. Further, the etching andpartial dissolution of the glass can increase glass' rate of reactionwith cement.

In some embodiments, the activation mixture can be circulated, e.g.,mixed, to prevent the development of a concentration gradient within themixture. Circulation can occur at a rate of about 10 RPM to about 500RPM, about 100 RPM to about 500 RPM, about 10 RPM to about 50 RPM, about50 RPM to about 100 RPM, or about 20 RPM to about 100 RPM.

In some embodiments, the activation mixture can be exposed to air duringmixing. This air exposure during mixing, can fix carbon dioxide from theair to manufacture nucleation sites. This does not affect the reactionthermodynamics, but can affect kinetics.

After the activation reaction is completed, the treated glass issubsequently dried. The dried activated glass can be ground to aparticular particle size. The particle size can vary depending on theapplication for the activated glass. In some embodiments, the particlesize is small enough to create a fine powder. In some embodiments, theparticle size can be about 45 μm. In other embodiments, the particlesize can be between about 40 μm and about 50 μm, about 30 μm and about60 μm, about 20 μm and about 70 μm, about 10 μm and about 80 μm, orabout 1 μm and about 100 μm.

In some embodiments, the particle size can be wherein percentage ofparticles passes through a 45 μm screen. In some embodiments, thatpercentage is between about 80% and about 100%, about 85% and about100%, about 90% and about 100%, or about 95% and about 100%. In oneembodiment, 85% of particles fall through a 45 μm screen. In anotherembodiment, 90% of particles fall through a 45 μm screen.

In some embodiments, the particles have a 2-3 coefficient of uniformity.

The reacted material, after final grinding, can have a particle sizethat is small enough that the early age and long term expansion tests,such as ASTM C1260/ASTM C1567, and ASTM C1293, show reduced expansionover plain portland cement control samples.

In some embodiments, the particle size is chosen such that reaction israpid and the pozzolanic reaction is favored at the cost of the reactionbetween alkalis, such as sodium and potassium, and the silica in glassor in other materials which may be added to the binder to createconcrete. The particle size is important relative only to the degree ofreaction and rate of reaction.

In some embodiments, the activated material can be added to cement. Insome embodiments, this addition can offset environmental impacts, suchas, but not limited to carbon dioxide emissions. The cement can beportland cement, which is the most common cement used globally.

Portland cement generally reacts with water according to the reaction toform C-S-H and calcium hydroxide.

2Ca₃SiO₅+7H₂O

3CaO·2SiO₂·4H₂O(C-S-H)+3Ca(OH)₂+energy

The activated material described herein can react with the calciumhydroxide to produce additional C-S-H. This additional C-S-H can fillpores and result in a lower binder permeability and stronger concrete.

The activated material can be of further benefit because its reactionwith the calcium hydroxide can reduce the calcium hydroxide content inthe final concrete material. Reduced calcium hydroxide content can helpprevent expansive reactions and reduces the ingress of harmful chlorineand carbonate ions.

The activated material can also reduce permeability and porosity of theconcrete, and/or decrease the heat of hydration.

The activated material can be combined in binary, ternary, quaternary,and quinternary mixtures. The activated material can be combined withother pozzolanic materials such as, but not limited to, fly ash,metakaolin, silica fume, rice husk ash, volcanic ash, pumices, volcanicglass, zeolites, diatomaceous earths, and the like. Thus, productsincluding the herein described activated materials are described.

In some embodiments, a cement material is described that includesportland cement and the activated material. In some embodiments, thecement material can include about 20-30% portland cement and about70-80% activated material, about 30-40% portland cement and about 60-70%activated material, about 40-50% portland cement and about 50-60%activated material, about 50-60% portland cement and about 40-50%activated material, about 60-70% portland cement and about 30-40%activated material, about 70-80% portland cement and about 20-30%activated material, or about 80-90% portland cement and about 10-20%activated material.

In other embodiments, the cement material can include portland cement,the activated material, and at least one additional pozzolanic material.In some embodiments, the cement material can include about 70-80%activated material, about 60-70% activated material, about 50-60%activated material, about 40-50% activated material, about 30-40%activated material, about 20-30% activated material, or about 10-20%activated material.

In still other embodiments, the cement material can include portlandcement, the activated material, and at least two additional pozzolanicmaterials. In still other embodiments, the cement material can includeportland cement, the activated material, and at least three additionalpozzolanic materials. In still other embodiments, the cement materialcan include portland cement, the activated material, and at least fouradditional pozzolanic materials. In still other embodiments, the cementmaterial can include portland cement, the activated material, and atleast five additional pozzolanic materials. In still other embodiments,the cement material can include portland cement, the activated material,and at least six additional pozzolanic materials.

Further, mixing the activated material with cement, such as portlandcement, and optionally at least one additional pozzolanic material iswater reducing. The mixing is water reducing because the quantity ofwater required to produce a particular flow is reduced over that of aunitary portland cement mixture.

Further, in some embodiments, because the activated material includesC-S-H, when blended with portland cement, the amount of portland cementrequired to achieve an equivalent concentration of C-S-H in the finalconcrete is reduced. This reduction in the amount of portland cementneeded greatly reduces the amount of greenhouse gas equivalents. Forinstance, great amounts of energy are expended in mining the limestonefor portland cement and heating the limestone. Further, carbon dioxideis produced when heating calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide. Insome embodiments, for every mole of C-S-H that is provided by theactivated material, 2 mole equivalents of portland cement can beeliminated as can the greenhouse gas equivalents used in making thatportland cement.

The activated glass pozzolan described herein can provide a reduction inMTCO₂e when replacing an equivalent amount of portland cement in amixture. In some embodiments, the activated glass pozzolan can provideabout a 10% to about a 99% reduction, about a 20% to about a 99%reduction, about a 30% to about a 99% reduction, about a 40% to about a99% reduction, about a 50% to about a 99% reduction, about a 60% toabout a 99% reduction, about a 70% to about a 99% reduction, about a 80%to about a 99% reduction, about a 90% to about a 99% reduction, about a92% to about a 97% reduction in MTCO₂e when replacing an equivalentamount of portland cement in a mixture. In one embodiment, the activatedglass pozzolan can provide about a 95% reduction in MTCO₂e whenreplacing an equivalent amount of portland cement in a mixture.

In some embodiments, concrete including and/or poured with the activatedglass pozzolan can be stronger than portland cement alone within about24 hours. In other embodiments, concrete including and/or poured withthe activated glass pozzolan can be stronger than portland cement alonewithin about 7 days. In other embodiments, concrete including and/orpoured with the activated glass pozzolan can be stronger than portlandcement alone within about 28 days. In other embodiments, the concreteincluding and/or poured with the activated glass pozzolan can be about75% to about 110% stronger, about 80% to about 110% stronger, about 90%to about 110% stronger, about 95% to about 110% stronger, or about 75%to about 120% stronger.

In some embodiments, concrete including and/or poured with the activatedglass pozzolan can be stronger than portland cement with another otherpozzolanic material within about 24 hours. In other embodiments,concrete including and/or poured with the activated glass pozzolan canbe stronger than portland cement with another other pozzolanic materialwithin about 7 days. In other embodiments, concrete including and/orpoured with the activated glass pozzolan can be stronger than portlandcement with another other pozzolanic material within about 28 days. Inother embodiments, the concrete including and/or poured with theactivated glass pozzolan can be about 75% to about 110% stronger, about80% to about 110% stronger, about 90% to about 110% stronger, about 95%to about 110% stronger, or about 75% to about 120% stronger.

Example 1 Preparation of Activated Material

Recycled glass are diverted from delivery to a landfill and provided toan activation facility. The glass is ground, sanitized, dried, andground again. That material is added to a reaction vessel with anactivation solution at a pH greater than about 11 including calciumhydroxide with a lithium salt and/or lithium hydroxide to form amixture. That mixture is stirred and subjected to air while stirring.The reaction vessel is heated to a temperature between about 150° C. toabout 220° C. and subjected to an elevated pressure. When reaction iscomplete, the activated material is dried.

Example 2 Mixing Activated Material with Portland Cement

The activated material from Example 1 is mixed with portland cement at a1:1 ratio. Water and aggregate is added to that mixture and theresulting concrete is stronger than a portland cement only concrete.

Example 3 Green House Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction Calculation

Since glass fines reused in the present description are not suitable formaking new glass and have no other market value, they are sent to alandfill, meaning a closed loop recycling plan for glass fines is notpossible. For this reason, the straightforward CARB Greenhouse GasReduction Calculator cannot be used.

In order to calculate the greenhouse gas emission reductions from theaddition of activated material from Example 1, a lifecycle approachconsistent with the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) Method forEstimating GHG Emissions Reductions from Recycling guide is used inconjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) WasteReduction Model (WARM) Version 13.

Since the activated glass pozzolan eventually takes the place of apercentage of portland cement in concrete, both the GHG emissions forthe activated glass pozzolan and portland cement must be calculated andcompared, as shown in Equation 1. Definitions of the variables inEquation 1 are provided in Table 1.

GHG_(net)=GHG_(PC)−GHG_(AGP)  (Equation 1)

TABLE 1 Variable Definition Units GHG_(net) net difference in greenhouseTons of CO₂ gas emissions between the production of the activated glasspozzolan and portland cement GHG_(PC) total greenhouse gas emissionsTons of CO₂/ from the production of tons produced one ton of portlandcement made from virgin materials GHG_(AGP) total greenhouse gasemissions Tons of CO₂/ from the production of tons produced one ton ofactivated glass pozzolan (AGP)

Calculation of GHG_(PC)

Production of portland cement (PC) begins with the mining of rawmaterials, typically limestone, clay and shale. These materials aretransported to a processing facility where they are ground down to finepowders and analyzed for composition. The materials, at this pointcalled raw meal, are blended based on composition and sent to a cementkiln. In some cases the raw meal is preheated in a precalciner or aflash furnace, other times it just goes directly to the kiln. Theinternal temperature of a cement kiln is approximately 2000° C. Thecement kiln is cylindrical in shape, elevated at a slight angle on oneend, with an internal flame at the other end. The raw meal is movedslowly through the kiln through subtle rotation, and as the temperatureincreases a series of chemical reactions occur. Once the materials, nowin the form of a nodule called clinker, reach a temperature of 1450° C.,they are rapidly cooled. The cooled clinker is then interground withcalcium sulfate dihydrate, or gypsum, and the resulting product isportland cement.

There are three main types of carbon emissions associated with theproduction of portland cement: (1) process energy GHG emissions, (2)non-process energy GHG emissions, and (3) transportation energyemissions. The total GHG emissions can be calculated as the sum of thesethree sources, as shown in Equation 2. The variables are defined inTable 2.

GHG_(PC)=GHG_(PE)+GHG_(NPE)+GHG_(TE)  (Equation 2)

TABLE 2 Variable Definition Units GHG_(PE) Process energy GHG Tons ofCO₂/ton of emissions portland cement produced GHG_(NPE) Non-processenergy Tons of CO₂/ton of GHG emissions portland cement producedGHG_(TE) Transportation energy Tons of CO₂/ton of emissions portlandcement produced

In some embodiments, process energy GHG emissions can include burning offossil fuels to heat the kiln and emissions associated with grinding theraw meal and clinker. Non-process energy GHG emissions can come from asingle source. When limestone, or calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), which isthe primary raw material in portland cement production, is heated past825° C., a natural calcination reaction occurs, where CO₂ is released,leaving behind lime, or CaO.

Transportation energy emissions are those emissions associated with thetransportation of the materials during the portland cement productionprocess (i.e. raw materials from the mine to the processor and then tothe kiln). The values for each of these emission types, as reported bythe EPA WARM Report for Fly Ash, for portland cement production, areshown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Emission Source (MTCO₂/ton) Process Energy, GHG_(PE) 0.42Non-process Energy, GHG_(NPE) 0.45 Transportation Energy, GHG_(TE) 0.01Total 0.88

Calculation of GHG_(AGP)

A life-cycle GHG analysis in WARM starts at the waste generationreference point of fly ash and only considers upstream emissions afterthat point. In this case, the waste generation reference point isidentified as the point at which the fines have been collected and aremarked for the landfill. Emissions associated with glass production,collection, and processing up to this point are not considered in thesecalculations, nor are the emissions associated with transporting thefines to a processing plant, because it is assumed these emissionscancel out with the emissions that would have occurred if the fines hadbeen transported to the landfill.

The processes that occur in a processing plant include an initialgrinding process, a sanitization treatment process, a drying process,and a final grind. All of these processes are run on electricity.Therefore, the following calculations are used to determine the totalenergy requirement (in kWh) to produce one ton of activated glasspozzolan for each process. The kilowatt-hours were then converted totons of CO₂e produced using a conversion provided by the EPA. Accordingto the eGRID (Emissions and Resources Integrated Database), theconversion for the WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating Council) inCalifornia is 1 kWh=0.5705 lb CO₂e (US EPA 2017). The formula used tocalculate GHG_(AGP) is provided in Equation 4 and the definitions of thevariables are shown in Table 4.

GHG_(SGP)=GHG_(G1)+GHG_(treat)+GHG_(dry)+GHG_(G2)  (Equation 4)

TABLE 4 Variable Definition Units GHG_(G1) Initial grinding of Ib ofCO₂/ton produced one ton of material GHG_(treat) Sanitizing treatment Ibof CO₂/ton produced of one ton of material GHG_(dry) Removing moistureIb of CO₂/ton produced from one ton of material GHG_(G2) Final grindingof one Ib of CO₂/ton produced ton of material

Using the methods described herein, values are aggregated and summed inTable 5. The total GHG emissions associated with the production of oneton of activated glass pozzolan is about 0.046 metric tons of CO₂e.

TABLE 5 Emission Source (Ib CO₂e/ton) (MTCO₂e/ton) Initial Grinding,GHG_(G1) 1.7 0.00077 Sanitization Treatment, GHG_(treat) 17.3 0.00785Drying, GHG_(dry) 74.2 0.03366 Final Grinding, GHG_(G2) 8.5 0.00386Total 101.7 0.046

Calculation of GHG_(NET)

Both the process for the production of activated glass pozzolan and theproduction of portland cement likely include a transportation-based GHGemission when the material is transported from the manufacturer to theconcrete manufacturer. This transportation emission is not included inthese calculations, as it assumed that these emissions would be nearlyequal.

Therefore, according to Equation 1, the net GHG emission reductions whencomparing one metric ton of activated glass pozzolan to one ton ofportland cement can be calculated to be:

GHG_(NET)=0.88−0.046=0.834

Further, based on the projected production of 40,000 tons of activatedglass pozzolan per year per facility, the net impact can be a GHGemission reduction of 33,360 tons of MTCO₂e annually per facility.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated thatvariations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, oralternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many otherdifferent systems or applications. Also that various presentlyunforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations orimprovements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in theart which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe specification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein isintended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No languagein the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimedelement essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. It isanticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, ordeleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability.When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemedto contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written descriptionof all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Ofcourse, variations on these described embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention tobe practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printedpublications throughout this specification. Each of the above-citedreferences and printed publications are individually incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the presentinvention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scopeof the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation,alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized inaccordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present inventionis not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

We claim:
 1. A method of forming an activated glass pozzolan, the methodincluding: reacting particles of glass in an activation solutionincluding Group IA, Group IIA, or Group VIIB metal or metal hydroxide toform the activated glass pozzolan, wherein the reacting is at anelevated pH, an elevated temperature, and an elevated pressure.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the metal includes sodium, potassium,calcium, magnesium, or manganese.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein themetal includes calcium.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the particlesof glass are soda lime glass, bottle glass, plate glass, e-glass, or acombination thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles ofglass are soda lime glass, bottle glass, plate glass, or e-glass.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the particles of glass are at least partiallyrecycled.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles of glass aresubstantially all recycled.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theactivated glass pozzolan is ground to a particle size of between about 1μm and about 100 μm.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the groundactivated glass pozzolan has an expansion less than portland cementcontrol samples.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the elevatedtemperature is between about 100° C. to about 220° C.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the elevated temperature is between about 150° C. toabout 220° C.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the elevated pH isgreater than about
 11. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the elevatedpH results from the addition of calcium hydroxide with a lithium saltand/or lithium hydroxide.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcirculating the particles of glass and the activation solution.
 15. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the circulating is at a rate of about 10 RPMto about 500 RPM.
 16. The method of claim 1, further comprising exposingthe activation solution to air.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein theelevated pressure is a pressure above 1 atm.
 18. The method of claim 1,wherein the resulting activated glass pozzolan consists essentially ofparticles of activated glass including etched surfaces, microcrystallinecalcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and calcium carbonate.
 19. The methodof claim 1, further comprising drying the activated glass pozzolan. 20.The method of claim 1, wherein resulting activated glass pozzolan isadded to cement.